Biography of Josiah Wedgwood

Josiah Wedgwood (ca July 12, 1730–January 3, 1795) was Englands foremost pottery manufacturer and a mass producer of quality ceramics exported around the globe. A member of his familys fourth generation of potters, Wedgwood started his own independent firm and became the Royal Potter for Queen Charlotte, the consort of King George III. Wedgwoods mastery of ceramic technology was matched by the marketing savvy and connections of his partner Thomas Bentley; together they ran the most famous pottery works in the world.   Fast Facts: Josiah Wedgwood Known For: Creator of the famous Wedgwood potteryBorn: July 12, 1730 (baptized), Churchyard, StaffordshireDied: January 3, 1795, Etruria Hall, StaffordshireEducation: Day School at Newcastle-under-Lyme, left at 9 years of ageCeramic Works: Jasper ware, Queens Ware, Wedgwood blueParents:  Thomas Wedgwood and Mary StringerSpouse: Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815)Children: Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Early Life Josiah Wedgwood was baptized on July 12, 1730, the youngest of at least eleven children of Mary Stringer (1700–1766) and Thomas Wedgwood (1685–1739). The founding potter in the family was also called Thomas Wedgwood (1617–1679), who established a successful pottery works around 1657 at Churchyard, Staffordshire, where his great-great-grandchild Josiah was born.   Josiah Wedgwood had little formal education. He was nine years old when his father died, and he was taken from school and sent to work in the pottery for his eldest brother, (another) Thomas Wedgwood (1717–1773). At 11, Josiah had smallpox, which confined him to bed for two years and ended with permanent damage to his right knee. At the age of 14, he was formally apprenticed to his brother Thomas, but because he could not physically work the wheel, at 16 he had to quit.   Wedgwood teacup and saucer in the Waterford Wedgwood flagship store in London, England. The teacup features the white and blue jasper ware ceramic which is synonymous with the brand. Oli Scarff / Getty Images News Early Career At the age of 19, Josiah Wedgwood proposed that he be taken into his brothers business as a partner, but he was rejected. After a two-year position with the pottery firm of Harrison and Alders, in 1753, Wedgwood was offered a partnership with the Staffordshire firm of potter Thomas Whieldon; his contract stipulated that he would be able to experiment. Wedgwood stayed at the Whieldon pottery from 1754–1759, and he began experimenting with pastes and glazes. A primary focus was on improving creamware, the first commercial English ceramic invented in 1720 and widely used by the potters of the time.   Creamware was very flexible and could be decorated and over-glazed, but the surface was likely to craze or flake when subjected to temperature changes. It chipped readily, and the lead glazes broke down in combination with food acids, making them a source of food poisoning. Further, the application of the lead glaze was hazardous to the health of the workers in the factory. Wedgwoods version, eventually called queens ware, was slightly yellower, but had a finer texture, greater plasticity, less lead content—and it was lighter and stronger and less prone to break during shipments.   Thomas Bentley Partnership In 1759, Josiah leased Ivy House pottery in Burslem, Staffordshire, from one of his uncles, a factory which he would build and expand several times. In 1762, he built his second works, the Brick-House, alias the Bell Works at Burslem. That same year, he was introduced to Thomas Bentley, which would prove to be a fruitful partnership.   Wedgwood was innovative and had a strong technical understanding of ceramics: but he lacked formal education and social contacts. Bentley had a classical education, and he was socially connected to artists, scientists, merchants, and intellectuals in London and around the world. Best yet, Bentley had been a wholesale merchant in Liverpool for 23 years and had a broad understanding of the current and changing ceramic fashions of the day.  Ã‚   Josiah Wedgwoods Ivy and Etruria works in Staffordshire, England, ca. 1753. Oxford Science Archive / Print Collector / Getty Images Marriage and Family   On January 25, 1764, Wedgwood married his third cousin, Sarah Wedgwood (1734–1815) and they eventually had eight children, six of whom survived to adulthood:  Susannah (1765–1817), John (1766–1844), Richard (1767–1768), Josiah (1769–1843), Thomas (1771–1805), Catherine (1774–1823), Sarah (1776–1856), and Mary Anne (1778–1786).   Two sons, Josiah Jr. and Tom, were sent to school in Edinburgh and then privately tutored, although neither joined the business until Josiah was ready to retire in 1790. Susannah married Robert Darwin, and was the mother of the scientist Charles Darwin; Charles grandfather was scientist Erasmus Darwin, a friend of Josiahs. Ceramic Innovations Together, Wedgwood and Bentley created a huge variety of ceramic objects—Bentley keeping an eye to the demand, and Wedgwood responding with innovation. In addition to hundreds of types of tableware, their Staffordshire Etruria manufacturing facility produced specialty wares for grocers and butchers (weights and measures), dairies (milking pails, strainers, curd pots), sanitary purposes (tiles for indoor bathrooms and sewers all over England), and the home (lamps, baby feeders, food warmers).   Wedgwoods most popular wares were called jasper, an unglazed matte biscuit ware available in solid paste colors: green, lavender, sage, lilac, yellow, black, a pure white, and Wedgwood blue. Bas-relief sculptures were then added to the surface of the solid paste color, creating a cameo-like appearance.  He also developed black basalt, a stoneware in striking deep back colors. The Portland Vase (black and white jasper ware) that Wedgwood considered his finest work inside the Wedgwood Museum, in Stoke-on-Trent. Christopher Furlong / Getty Images The Art Market To answer what Bentley saw as a new demand in London for Etruscan and Greco-Roman art, Wedgwood made cameos, intaglios, plaques, beads, buttons, figurines, candlesticks, ewers, jugs, flower holders, vases, and medallions for furniture all decorated with classic art figures and themes. The canny Bentley recognized that original Greek and Roman nudes were too warm for English and American tastes, and the firm dressed their Greek goddesses in full-length gowns and their heroes in fig leaves.   Penelope and Maidens, Wedgwood plaque, 18th century. Illustration from Story of the British Nation, Volume III, by Walter Hutchinson, (London, c1920s). Hulton Archive / Getty Images The demand for cameo portraits skyrocketed and Wedgwood met it by hiring known artists to make models in wax for use on the production floor. Among them were Italian anatomist Anna Morandi Manzolini, Italian artist Vincenzo Pacetti, Scottish gem engraver James Tassie, British designer Lady Elizabeth Templeton, French sculptor Lewis Francis Roubiliac, and English painter George Stubbs.   Wedgwoods two main modelers were British: John Flaxman and William Hackwood. He sent Flaxman to Italy to set up a wax modeling studio between 1787–1794, and Wedgwood also set up a studio in Chelsea where artists in London could work.   George III and Queen Charlotte, modeled by William Hackwood after waxes by Isaac Gosset, 1776-1780, jasper, ormolu frames by Matthew Boulton. Public Domain (on display at Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent, England) Queens Ware   Arguably, Wedgwood and Bentleys most successful coup was when they sent a gift set of hundreds of his cream-colored tableware to British King George IIIs consort, Queen Charlotte. She named Wedgwood Potter to Her Majesty in 1765; he renamed his cream-colored ware Queens ware.   Five years later, Wedgwood obtained a commission for a several-hundred piece tableware service from the Russian empress Catherine the Great, called the Husk service. It was followed up by the Frog service, a commission for Catherines  La Grenouilliere (frog marsh, Kekerekeksinsky in Russian) palace consisting of 952 pieces decorated with over 1,000 original paintings of the English countryside.   The Life of a Scientist   Wedgwoods classification as a scientist has been debated over the intervening centuries. Largely through his connection to Bentley, Wedgwood did become a member of the famous Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included James Watt, Joseph Priestly, and Erasmus Darwin, and he was elected into the Royal Society in 1783. He contributed papers to the Royal Societys Philosophical Transactions, three on his invention, the pyrometer, and two on ceramic chemistry.   The pyrometer was a tool made first of brass and then high-fired ceramic that allowed Wedgwood to determine the internal heat of a kiln. Wedgwood recognized that the application of heat shrinks clay, and the pyrometer was his attempt to measure that. Unfortunately, he never was able to calibrate the measurements to any scientific scale available at the time, and the subsequent centuries have found that Wedgwood was somewhat incorrect. It is a combination of heat and the length of kiln time that shrinks pottery in a measurable fashion. The showrooms of Wedgwood Byerley in St Jamess Square, London, 1809. Hulton Archive / Getty Images Retirement and Death   Wedgwood was often ill for much of his life; he had smallpox, his right leg was amputated in 1768, and he had trouble with his sight beginning in 1770. After his partner Thomas Bentley died in 1780, Wedgwood turned the management of the shop in London over to a nephew, Thomas Byerly. Nevertheless, he was a vigorous and active director of the Etruria and other manufactories up until his retirement in 1790. He left his company to his sons and retired to his mansion Etruria Hall. In late 1794, he fell ill—possibly with cancer—and died on January 3, 1795, at the age of 64.   Legacy   When Wedgwood began his work, Staffordshire was the home of several important ceramic manufacturers such as Josiah Spode and Thomas Minton. Wedgwood and Bentley made their company the most important of the Staffordshire potteries and arguably the best-known pottery in the western world. Etruria would run as a facility until the 1930s. Wedgwoods company remained independent until 1987, when it merged with Waterford Crystal, then with Royal Doulton. In July 2015, it was acquired by a Finnish consumer goods company. Selected Sources Born, Byron A. Josiah Wedgwoods Queensware. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 22.9 (1964): 289–99. Print.Burton, William. Josiah Wedgwood and His Pottery. London: Cassell and Company, 1922.McKendrick, Neil. Josiah Wedgwood and Factory Discipline. The Historical Journal 4.1 (1961): 30–55. Print.---. Josiah Wedgwood and Thomas Bentley: An Inventor-Entrepreneur Partnership in the Industrial Revolution. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14 (1964): 1–33. Print.Meteyard, Eliza. The Life of Josiah Wedgwood: From His Private Correspondence and Family Papers with an Introductory Sketch of the Art of Pottery in England, two volumes. Hurst and Blackett, 1866.Schofield, Robert E. Josiah Wedgwood, Industrial Chemist. Chymia 5 (1959): 180–92. Print.Townsend, Horace. Lady Templetown and Josiah Wedgwood. Art Life 11.4 (1919): 186–92. Print.Wedgwood, Julia. The Personal Life of Josiah Wedgwood, the Potter. London: Macmillan and Company, 1915. Print .

Analysing Information and Data for Problem Solving - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 994 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? As per the above graphs, it is notable that high profit is achieved when the CDs are sold through the website and the post. Also, there is a considerable profit once the CDs are distributed at venues where Jonnie was playing live at specific venues. This means that Tribute Ltd should majorly focus on increasing the number of CDs sold through the post as well as those distributed during live performances. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analysing Information and Data for Problem Solving" essay for you Create order The company should also reduce the number of CDs categorized as complementary as they do not bring any profit. In this category, there should be a maximum of 100 CDs. However, the complimentary CDs are essential for promoting Jonnies music and the company at large. Task 1 a) By combining the two sets of data, in this case, it is worth noting that most of the consumers take at least 2 minutes to listen to Jonnies music. Regarding age, the key consumers of Jonnies music are between the age of 61 and 75 years old as it shows a high number of attendees in the Brighton Mall and the Theatre. Most importantly to note is that the females seem to like Jonnies music compared to the males. b) Bias refers to any inclination which hinders fair consideration of data (Flamm and Luisi, 2012). Understanding bias ensures there is a critical and independent review of the data collected and avoid cases which are suboptimal or potentially unacceptable (Fowler, 2009). Bias in data collection occurs when there is an error in the measurement of an outcome or exposure. For that reason, the information recorded and obtained from different study groups is unequal in some way. A number of cases regarding information bias arises due to the researcher bias, chronology bias, prejudice from misclassification of people, and performance bias. c) To ensure that the data collected is reliable and fair to all parties, I could gather information in diverse locations, where possible, to provide samples that are adequate for detailed analysis, for support of researchers, and for broad distribution of findings, including giving out of useful formats. In most cases, the problem of biases is subject to the method used to collect the data. Perhaps for this case, I could prefer observation and survey, which are appropriate methods for reliable information. Also, timing is a critical aspect of data collection (Holliday et al., 2015). I could focus on the schedule of data collection at diverse locations where Jonnies music was being performed. It could be important to coordinate the data collection efforts with the availability of the information required. For instance, data could be recorded after the event begin and during the whole performance interval. Task 2 a) As per the table, the preferences of purchasing and listening differs considerably in between ‘young at heart (YAH) and seniors (SEN). It is notable that SEN has a low preference in both categories of purchasing and listening. On the other hand, YAH has a distributed preferences between 1 and 5. b) Concert seems to be the best place where both YAH and SEN purchase the music. However, YAH has a strong preference for buying the music online compared to SEN. It is important to note that SEN prefers to purchase the music in retail than YAH. Besides, YAH prefers to buy the music through their phone and email as compared to SEN who have a slight preference. As far as listening the music is concerned, live performance seems to be the best place where YAH and SEN prefer. Nevertheless, YAH has a strong preference of attending the live concert to listen to the music than SEN. An average preference is exhibited in digital listening, where only few SEN prefers it, and most of the YAH have an average preference. c) Appropriateness is the validity of a research question for the desired outcome and whether the methodology or design is appropriate for answering the research question (Holliday et al., 2015). For the interns survey research, the method used is valid as it enables detection of findings or phenomena, with due regard to social and contextually variable. The procedures used are appropriate for the research paradigm; hence the data collected is valid. The survey reveals differing preferences of customers whereby most of them prefer digital music and prefer to buy the CDs during the live concert. This is the same case as far as listening preferences are concerned. The fact that people, especially YAH, prefer attending the live performances means people still have a strong passion for music. In fact, the study points out that listeners are spending more money and more time on Jonnies music. d) In order to generate higher quality data, I would ensure there is the proper engagement of the respondents. Also and just as important, I would focus on designing surveys that ensure appropriate participation of the respondents. By using an advanced survey tool, there will be no personal bias when interpreting the data. This will be a suitable step toward enabling respondents experiences and the quality of data generated. As Wyse (2012) assert, quality data can only be obtained through questions that concentrate on the research objectives and restrain the number of open questions in the survey. This would be one of the key concern in my survey. Task 3 Nostalgia marketing is a perfect method to distribute Jonnie Jones music. It is notable that, because of their moderately higher purchasing power, the seniors (SEN) signify a viable market for tribute music that the company must not disregard. Perhaps, the number of SEN preferring digital music will undoubtedly increase. It is significant that Tribute Ltd brings into line its marketing strategy with the preferences of both ‘young at heart (YAH) and SEN. Notably, a joint strategy that integrates both nostalgia marketing and digital technologies can be worthwhile to Tribute Ltd. This is due to the fact that the targeted consumers can quickly distinguish Jonnies music. Even though internet usage by senior people will remain a fundamental problem in the anticipatable future, the long-term opportunities are, however, quite rewarding.

Veteran Suicide Perspectives And Assumptions . There Is

Veteran Suicide Perspectives and Assumptions There is an epidemic running rampant throughout the ranks of veterans and current active duty military within the United States. Even if we try to turn a blind eye or ignore the problem, the fact is that roughly an average of twenty-two veterans commit suicide each and every day across America. Some would say this is due in part to the service members experiencing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), others would say this is due to service members participating in multiple deployments. While these both increase risk factors for suicide, they in and of themselves are not the root cause of suicide amongst our veterans. So if these are not the sole contributors to veteran suicide, what is†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, those veterans that present symptoms of PTSD are at a greater risk for suicide due in part to the comorbid symptoms that often times are correlated to PTSD – such as substance abuse, intrusive thoughts, and depression. For some time now, many have held the philosophy that the ever increasing deployment tempo and lengths of deployments have held significant value in the rising rate of suicides amongst our military and veterans. Combat trauma and other traumatic events experienced while deployed has also been on the hot seat as a predominate factor for being at risk. Whereas combat deployments can have a profound impact on the psychological and cognitive functioning of an individual, it is being seen that there is a significant percentage of individuals committing suicide that have never deployed. Stressors from military life in general are having a huge impact on the suicide rates of military members and veterans. Cerel, Van de Venne, Moore, Maple, Flaherty, Brown (2015) found that â€Å"Stress on the entire military due to the length of these recent conflicts and the burden placed on all the forces has been linked to suicide risk among those who were never deployed. Other no n-combat military- related events, such as exposure to death from training accidents, are expected incidents during military service but are also associated with PTSD, depression, and anxiety disorders† (p. 83). Underlying Theories If PTSD and deployments,Show MoreRelatedSomewhere For Everyone By John Grisham Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesHomeless people are often found in larger cities, this could because of the higher cost of living in larger cities than in suburban areas. The views of the public through the eyes of the author make the reader think about the problem from an outside perspective. With the growing number of homeless people, Grisham begins to switch his past avoidance tone and begins to take a very personal approach. While Samuels takes a more statistic approach, both views just as important. One view covers the moral andRead MoreImplementing Complex Issues Within An Organization1720 Words   |  7 Pagesthe group in which they serve. 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Doo Wops and Hooligans by Bruno Mars free essay sample

Bruno Mars’ pop album, Doo Wops and Hooligans begins with the lines, â€Å"Truth of the matter is I’m complicated,† which is funny, because the lyrics of the songs presented are meant to be simple and carefree. There are hints of rock, reggae, RB, soul, and hip-hop sprinkled throughout the album, but these don’t interfere with the optimistic tones. The light-hearted and catchy tunes keep you dancing until the album ends. Doo Wops and Hooligans is home to the well-known â€Å"Just the Way You Are,† a lead single which became an international hit after topping the Billboard Hot 100 for 4 weeks. For lovebirds and romantic souls out there, this album is a sure pleaser. Mars collaborates with B.o.B., as well as Cee Lo Green in â€Å"The Other Side,† a fast-paced song which also makes an appearance in another album, It’s Better if You Don’t Understand. He partners with Damian Marley, a reggae artist, in the soulful song, â€Å"Liquor Store Blues. We will write a custom essay sample on Doo Wops and Hooligans by Bruno Mars or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † The rest of the songs on the album are solos, with his smooth voice gently reminding you of the pain he sings of, or a strong voice for the happiness he feels. My personal favorites are his singles, which easily rose to the top of charts in many countries. Just the Way You Are, Grenade, and Marry You are a few of the many examples. Most of the songs concern relationships, and even Mars admitted his simple, romantic side was on display in this album. His amazing vocal range allows him to hit high notes, especially in â€Å"Marry You,† where Mars asks for a girls hand in marriage. Even the first few lines go straight to the point: Its a beautiful night, were looking for something dumb to do, hey baby, I think I wanna marry you! Many listeners (both male and female) have commented that after hearing the song and the young, carefree voice behind it, they wanted to get married, either to Bruno or another loved one. One commenter said on Amazon Customer Reviews, Im a straight male and after listening to this, I want to get married to Bruno. He basically just proposed to me in the song, lol. In Just the Way You Are, Mars sings of how he admires a girl just the way she is, while she is unhappy with herself. It is unclear who Mars is specifically talking about, although we can tell that its someone special to him. I know when I compliment her, she wont believe me, and its so, its so sad to think that she doesnt see what I see. Listeners have said that its a warm, fuzzy, esteem-raising song, because Mars is in love with everything the girl hates about herself. Her laugh her laugh, she hates but I think its so sexy. Grenadecomes as a surprise due to its difference in mood and tone compared to other songs from Doo Wops and Hooligans. Its a song in which Mars still cares about a girl he has previously had a relationship with. However, she moved on. His feelings for her are to such an extent that hes willing to catch a grenade for ya/Throw my head on a blade for ya/Id jump in front of a train for ya/You know Id do anything for ya/Oh oh, I would go through all this pain/Take a bullet straight through my brain/Yes, I would die for ya baby although she wouldnt do the same. After those four minutes, youre led back to reality, no longer listening to Mars whisper his sorrows into your ear. With the ten songs and fans demanding more, Doo Wops and Hooligans peaked at #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 200 and in the top ten of music charts in Australia, Canada, Ireland, and New Zealand. Mars’ musical style has been compared to that of Michael Jackson as well as Jason Mraz. Doo Wops and Hooligans received seven nominations for the Grammy Awards in both 2011 and 2012, with additional awards such as Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album. It became the third best-sellingalbum of 2011 in the United Kingdom, selling over a million copies and over two million in the U.S. Worldwide, it has reached over six million copies insales. Mars soft, pleasant tenor draws listeners in without effort. The rawness in his singing captures the beauty in his voice. Doo Wops and Hooligans follows the highs and lows of a love life, making upbeat love songs irresistible to dance to, and breakup songs hard to smile at.